Secondly, even if both chambers in a bicameral system are malapportioned, the same territorial units may not be overrepresented and underrepresented equally in each chamber.
Most research on multicameralism stems from the comparative politics literature, as bicameral legislatures are frequently used at the domestic level of modern states.
For brevity's sake, we generally refer to this case in the text as 'federal', though, of course, not all constitutionally federal states are necessarily bicameral.
The legislature had to be bicameral, one chamber entrusted with debating proposals, the other with resolving what to pass into law.
However, it would be a mistake to assume that the world's other bicameral systems share this design.
Cross-national studies of economic voting have also included measures of party cohesion, opposition control of committee chairs and bicameral opposition.
Subtract 1 if weak bicameral; subtract 2 if strong bicameral (total range 1-5, with higher values indicating more unitarism).
And bicameral divided government, during this period, was produced largely by the difference between equal and proportional representation, along with the effect of staggered elections.
Between the two effects, some systematic bicameral difference in partisan fortunes is to be expected, and we are not explaining that much of a gap.
I suggested in my article that perhaps the interaction of realignment with bicameral effects produced the reversal.
Deadlocks in state bicameral legislatures increased along with corruption and even violence.
In a bicameral legislature under incomplete information, sincere voting would be no different.
Bicameral legislatures contain at least one body (usually the upper chamber) the members of which represent geographic territories without regard to population size.
In short, we have compelling reasons to expect that the degree of malapportionment in lower and upper chambers varies significantly across bicameral systems.
A bicameral sophisticated voter would vote against any alternative even though his most-preferred alternative is voted down.
These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.